By Adaobi Rhema Oguejiofor
Across Europe, Asia, and North America, telecom operators are decommissioning older mobile networks like 2G and 3G to free up spectrum for faster technologies. While many advanced markets have already made this transition, Africa faces a unique challenge. These older networks still underpin a significant portion of the continent’s connectivity, with just over half of mobile connections running on 3G and roughly 10% on 2G as of the end of 2024. Only about a third of the population uses 4G, and a mere 1% uses 5G. Thus, the question is not simply if these networks should be shut down but whether Africa is ready.
As the global telecom industry advances towards 4G and 5G, Africa must modernise without excluding millions who rely on older technologies. Phasing out 2G and 3G is inevitable due to spectrum efficiency; reassigning low-band spectrum to 4G and 5G increases speed, capacity, and reliability. Maintaining multiple network generations is also complex and expensive, straining operators in price-sensitive African markets. Meanwhile, smartphone penetration, 4G adoption, and mobile data traffic are rising. Africa cannot indefinitely sustain three or four generations of mobile technology; however, an immediate switchover is not feasible.
Switching off legacy networks too quickly could cause disruption. Device compatibility is a major issue, as many users rely on 2G and 3G phones that don’t support newer technologies. Affordability is also a barrier, with 4G-enabled smartphones remaining too expensive for many, especially in rural areas. Furthermore, critical infrastructure like POS terminals and tracking systems still depend on older networks. A rushed shutdown could disrupt payments, logistics, and enterprise operations. Africa’s uneven digital landscape, with urban areas outpacing rural communities, raises equity concerns. Prematurely switching off risks widening the digital divide.
Therefore, Africa needs a phased transition that balances technological progress with social and economic realities. A gradual retirement of 3G networks, particularly where 4G coverage is strong, is a logical first step. As smartphone penetration increases and device costs fall, attention can shift to phasing out 2G. Clear communication with consumers and businesses is essential, including education campaigns and device upgrade incentives. Infrastructure planning must prioritise continuity by expanding 4G coverage and ensuring IoT device compatibility. Regulatory coordination is equally important, with governments providing clear roadmaps and flexible spectrum policies. Collaboration across industries is crucial for a smooth transition.
The sunset of 2G and 3G in Africa is approaching. Unlike advanced markets, Africa’s transition must be carefully calculated. Moving too slowly risks falling behind, while moving too quickly risks excluding millions. The challenge is to achieve both progress and inclusion. Over the next few years, as 4G deepens and 5G expands, Africa has an opportunity to leapfrog legacy constraints while building a more inclusive digital ecosystem through technologies like AI-driven network optimisation and eSIM adoption. If handled well, the retirement of legacy networks will mark a transition into a more connected, efficient, and future-ready Africa. The key is getting the timing and balance right.